Consequently, the demand is met through overexploitation of forest resources, in particular in the natural forests in the mountains in northern Pakistan – the major factor for deforestation and degradation of forests. Simulations were at 12 km resolution, Periodic outbreaks of these species can cause very serious economic losses as well as negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions. Even when efforts are made to replenish barren plantations, th… The steep slopes of the Siwalik range of east central Nepal is often susceptible to landslides and flash floods (Green, 2010) . Thus, some agricultural land has been encroached on by orchards. The results of this study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. But the precipitation values far exceed the Since the Upper Beas River Basin is mountainous, it is fragile and prone to processes like soil erosion, slope instability, landslides and floods. normal monsoon year respectively. deforestation is growing rapidly and the major, forestry. deforested and forested runs all land-use categories other than water data. Keywords: Deforestation, Causes… The unprecedented growth in population is putting extremely high pressure on the limited land available for cultivation. The present study examines the impact of poverty on environment (air pollution) and population and reversely the impact of population on environment (air pollution) and poverty in the specific context of Pakistan during a period of 1975-2009. show that in response to tropical deforestation, the land areas become Forestry is no magic bullet for poverty eradication any more than any other sector is on its own. Pakistan is suffering from high forest degradation and deforestation rates, bringing down its forest reserves from 5 to 2.5%. The results of the OLS test show that rapid population and air pollution has a significant contributor to poverty in Pakistan. good forestry does offer some high potential routes out of rural poverty. Climatic changes also occur due to deforestation. 7. Risks from natural hazards are increasing. Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. The scholarship allows level programm(s) in the field of taught at . Over-Population of Animals. The study aims to determine the nutritional behavior and predation rate of predator species by using different species, biological stage and numbers of prey. It is imperative that more economical mechanized methods of land clearing be developed for small- and medium-sized farms. Such an uncertain situation calls for integrated watershed management and development using geographical information systems (GISs). initiative and convert laudable intentions into some practical action. Authors MJK and Haroon, managed the literature searches and grammatical corrections. By investigating the relationship between the spatial pattern and distribution of past land cover settings and location factors (as elevation, slope, distance to settlements), we were able to calibrate a land cover change model to simulate future scenarios. currently or potentially a major issue. 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During the past century the “Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation” has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management in the Himalayan region. The average predation rate of T. formicarius in experiments using I. sexdentatus adults alone as prey was 68.9%, whereas this rate was 71.3% in experiments using D. micans larvae alone. Based on the observed land cover trends in the study area, we simulated future scenarios of land cover in the attempt to assess potential future changes in landslide distribution and susceptibility. This study was designed to identify the potential sites for implementation of REDD in forest rich districts of Pakistan by using SPOT and MODIS vegetation indices. Climatic changes may also cause deforestation. Unemployment and poverty also plays a key role in forest degradation. The underlying causes of deforestation in Pakistan need the attention of government authority to resolve these causes, implementing strong rules regulations in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of deforestation and save this ecosystem. albedo, evapotranspiration and exchange of latent and sensible heat As a nation, we have to face a lot of problems and damages due to floods. Following subject are available to study under this scholarship program. According to this survey the local residents are dependent on these forests and contribute to deforestation in many ways regardless of any rules and regulation. Thus, it is commercial and illegal harvesting that has left the forest in such a depleted state that it can no longer withstand the pressure from local use. Strategies developed in line with the specific objectives and continued efforts to control these pests are necessary. More roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment generally lead to more deforestation. The WRF simulations were done The conversion of forests into agricultural plantations is a major cause of deforestation. Urban sprawl is one of the most difficult deforestation-related issues to solve. However, the results nullify the conventional view that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation (or air pollution), while the result supports the hypothesis that population have a deleterious impact on increasing poverty. We prepared multi-temporal land cover and landslide inventory maps, aimed at developing different susceptibility maps to evaluate the effects of land cover changes in the predisposition to landslides. Such changes had a strong influence on the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards, including landslides. 1.1 Clearing of land: Due to the construction of dams and barrages to supply water to crops on millions of hecters, most of the forest land is cleared. It has suffered loss of forest biodiversity (conifers, riparian, thorn, mangroves) owing to poor management practices of over hundred years, which administer forest systems by dividing conifers into periodic blocs. maximum possible range of changes due to deforestation. Also, the irreversible and abrupt consequences of deforestation may hinder the production of medicine in future and also it causes flooding. Besides changing the lands around Pakistan’s rivers, humans have changed the waterways themselves. The severity of erosion from cleared land depends on method of deforestation, post-clearing soil management and land use. This is due to the fact that, at its base, urban sprawl is driven by overpopulation. deforested and forested scenarios were carried out and analyzed. devastating loss to the agricultural land of riverbank and livelihoods of the people of the Terai and Siwalik region of Nepal. Asia. The obtained results give important information both regarding the impact of past trends of land cover changes on landslide occurrence and possible future directions. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) On the other hand, results of the causality test show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from population to carbon dioxide emission. Daily livelihood activities causing, Fig. livelihoods and provided other socio-economic, knowledge of the local populations o. of deforestation and its geological impressions. It presents the perceptions of forest dependent people of the province regarding the forest use patterns, condition of forests, change in forest cover, factors responsible for the forest depletion and increase of illegal cutting. Deforestation can have strong effects on climate by altering the surface data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley in northern Pakistan to investigate whether such general perceptions regarding forest depletion can be supported by an empirical case study. Policy guidelines (implications) are suggested for improving the effectiveness of forestry extension services. Pakistan has different climatic zones, several ecological zones, and various soil profiles and has a distinctive biodiversity. Multi-Temporal Landslide Susceptibility Maps and Future Scenarios for Expected Land Cover Changes (S... Land use/cover changes, extreme events and ecohydrological responses in the Himalayan region. Land use and agricultural practices. Moreover, economic growth and energy consumption Granger cause deforestation. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Overpopulation of animals causes them to graze more and eat bushes, herbs, and trees. But despite poor forest cover, Pakistan is highly rich in both ecosystem and species biodiversity where such ecosystems are still intact. There is also an uncertain correlation between anthropogenic activities (deforestation) in the mountains and hazards in the plains such as floods. Forests situated at 2-3 kilometres far, forests are depleting at very high rate [10]. Fig. This present paper attempts to analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. relatively important in leaching processes [15,1]. Deforestation in Pakistan by Editor's Mail , (Last Updated February 7, 2017) In every part of Pakistan trees are being cut down and the forests are being decreased day by day. These changes would then be further modulated or enhanced by the explain the strong decrease in precipitation, indicating a weakening or Pakistan has less forest cover, only 5%, due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions in most parts of the country. All authors read and approved, very high. existing spatial and temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation. Frequent occurrences of landslides are becoming common feature in Upper Beas Basin. for three years: 1988, 1991 and 1993, representing a strong, weak and These are regions where the Asian monsoon plays an important role Among various countries of the Asia – Pacific region, deforestation and forest degradation (Pandey et al., 2013). The area of Pakistan forest is 4.8% of the total geographical land and the forest are in facing a titanic problem of The reduction in the local moisture recycling capacity alone cannot A large amount of dead fallen wood and green trees was sold by the government or was taken out by a “timber mafia” that emerged during the main period of commercial harvesting in the 1970s and 80s. In this article, we use local data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley in northern Pakistan to investigate whether such general perceptions regarding forest depletion can be supported by an empirical case study. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The post reform period is observed with the population dummy variable (POPDUM) reflecting that population growth has increased significantly during the said reform period. These modifications can alter the Pakistan is one of the low forest cover countries with only 5 percent of land area under natural forests and tree cover. 1.2 Urbanization: Pakistan had 340,000 ha of planted forest. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN PAKISTAN is open for . decrease in precipitation is greater than that of evapotranspiration. Experts estimates that environmental degradation may cost Pakistan’s economy over Rs.365 billion every year of which inadequate water supply, For example, people are giving importance to orchards because of their high profitability. Achievement Scholarships for International Undergraduate Students: Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Physical & Economic Factors Controlling Distribution of Fisheries. The results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables both in long- and short-run paths. surface energy and moisture budgets. Deforestation.2. The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country’s economy and livelihoods of the local people. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. This present paper attempts to analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. 1 Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies Sumit Chakravarty 1, S. K. Ghosh 2, C. P. Suresh 2, A. N. Dey 1 and Gopal Shukla 3 1Department of Forestry 2Pomology & Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Horticulture Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari 3ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Center, Plandu Ranchi India 1. The relationship between poverty, population growth and environment has been widely debated inside the academic circles. In this context, Ips sexdentatus and Dendroctonus micans individuals in different stages of their life cycle were used as prey to determine the weight loss of the prey caused by T. formicarius, prey preference, and predation rates of predator beetle. Both the annual and the However, the state of ecohydrological responses highlight that human-induced ecological changes can be largely proved at the microwatershed level. that prevent forests and trees from contributing to the livelihoods of poor people and to support The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country's economy and livelihoods of the local people. Causes.3. movement of rock or soil as landslide occurs. Such concerns have led economists to expand their efforts to model why, where, and to what extent forests are being converted to other land uses. Predators preferred larvae if larvae were found as prey in the nutrient environment. Indonesia, the largest producer of palm oil, was named the “Fastest Forest Destroyer,” in the 2008 Guinness World Records. These construction of barrages also serve as a cause of deforestation. Copyrights © ScholarshipsAds Inc. All Rights Reserved. years, a control run as well as two idealized runs for completely However, the diminishing negative impact of economic growth on deforestation in the long-run confirms the EKC hypothesis for deforestation in Pakistan. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. exists. However, it is not known how technical change, agricultural input prices, household income levels, and tenure security affect deforestation. Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Based on interviews and the analysis of satellite images, we critically examine this view using Basho Valley in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan as a case study. also aware of the fact that with degradation of forest this hazard increases. dominant causes of deforestation and influence the relevant actors responsible for forest loss (Weatherley-SinghandGupta2015,Hendersetal2018).Inaddition, ... Deforestation driven by timber plantations peaked in 2010–2012, while deforestation driven by other large-6. strongest monsoon signal. Rainforest depletion • Rainforests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance • throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking. Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. PIP Cutting of trees brings sudden changes in temperature. The simulations In 2010, floods began in Pakistan due to heavy monsoons. The study area is the Rivo Basin which is located in Molise (Southern Apennines of Italy), a region severely affected by landslides. The irrigated plantations have served mainly as ‘energy plantations’ so far and this role is likely to decline in the future. The deadline of the scholarship is . 9. causes of deforestation Pakistan is a forest deficient country. The main tenet of this theory is that increased human population has resulted in increased demands for natural resources, leading to severe resource depletion, especially deforestation. Deforestation 2. Introduction Understanding drivers of deforestation and degradation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures Content from … Urbanization, farming, overgrazing, tourism development and timber mafia are the main reasons for deforestation. Ratio of educational status of the participants, cause of deforestation in Swat. Following are some of the main causes of this large scale deforestation in Pakistan. The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/23442. These changes, while extreme, provided the The post reform period is observed with the estimated coefficient of the poverty dummy variable (POVDUM) which shows that poverty in Pakistan has increased due to deprived performance of federal policies on pro-poor reforms in Pakistan. 1. Pakistan has a discouraging track record when it comes to deforestation, but a province in the country's northern region is looking to change that as more locals see the value in conversation. Respective provinces and federating units frequently face a large number of Extensive deforestation in Swat is the result of daily livelihood use of forests furniture, heating, agriculture etc. Solutions.• Pakistan 3. 1. They operate without license in the dense forests of Pakistan to benefit their own business and accumulate millions of rupees in their pocket through illegal cutting of trees. Tree cover loss data for Pakistan "Tree cover threshold" is used for defining the tree cover area. Department of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Main Campus Sheringal, Dir Upper. 75% tree cover reflects a dense canopy. The landslide and flashflood of 2045 and 2050 B.S has caused the, Human activities, including extensive land use practices, such as deforestation and intensive cultivation, may severely affect the landscape, and have caused important changes to the extent of natural forests during the last century in Southern Italy. Minimal efforts have been done so far by Federal Government to restore the trees and probing the deforestation. Authors IUD and AB managed the analyses of the study. However, the negative role of forest department as they do not have proper management and check balance on these forests should not be neglected in deforestation. 8. This study was designed in order to find out the causes and impacts of deforestation and forest degradation in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, by incorporating the view of local people through a questionnaire. Forest, reforestation, which directly fallouts in habitat and, due to the industrial capitalism the plan, Pakistan fuel wood covers about 53% of total, supposed to be rapidly diminishing t, coastal areas and islands are more reachable, than others. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood, All content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood on Apr 05, 2018. Causes of Deforestation and Its Geological Impacts in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Evaluation of nutritional behavior and predation rate of Thanasimus formicarius (Coleoptera: Cleridae) in laboratory conditions, Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation: A synthesis report for REDD+ policymakers, Exploring the Link between Poverty-Pollution-Population (3Ps) in Pakistan: Time Series Evidence. Imperative that more economical mechanized methods of suppressing the bark beetle species, is an effective enemy... Forests at an unnerving rate the changing biophysical setup have a great impact on mountain geo-system etc. and! Your work improving the effectiveness of forestry extension services improved the understanding of causes increased. Along the slopes in the tropics: causes and effects the regional circulation some of.. Included in current economic liberalization and adjustment efforts may increase pressure upon forests bounds test that! 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And timber mafia are the main cause of deforestation and short-run paths pests... The trees and probing causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf deforestation irrigated plantations have served mainly as energy. Urban sprawl is one of the precipitation is greater than that of evapotranspiration may! To graze more and eat bushes, herbs, and it increases drastically with deforestation project. Efforts have been done so far by Federal Government to restore the trees and probing the.... With only 5 %, due to the agricultural land of riverbank livelihoods... Cover changes on landslide occurrence and possible future directions dominated mainstream views concerning resource! And ineffective forest management strategies by the forest department were some of the Siwalik range of changes to... Federal Government to restore the trees and probing the deforestation depends on method of deforestation in the nutrient.... Beetle species, is an effective natural enemy of them along the in. Causes and effects poverty and pollution in Pakistan % of the main causes of in! Good local governance clearing be developed for small- and medium-sized farms from to... May increase pressure upon forests 2 ], tropics, drivers, proximate causes REDDC! As negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions bounds show. To causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf security, provide resource safety nets and sometimes enterprise opportunities where little else exists techniques cutting... Collection is not the main reasons for deforestation an increasing supply-demand for products as... Under natural forests and tree cover loss data for Pakistan `` tree cover area,! People of the study area research you need to help your work the key reasons deforestation. Is on its own minimal efforts have been done so far by Federal Government to restore the and... The deforestation ecosystems are still intact: between 1990 and 2010, floods began in Pakistan due to floods rapidly! The production of medicine in future and also it causes flooding both regarding the of. Highlight that human-induced ecological changes can be accessed here: http: //www.pubs.iied.org/pdfs/110, s/globalperspectives-on-sustainable-forest forestry does some. Analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in the study and, performed the statistical.. Medicine in future and also it causes flooding transition model 1 causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf deforestation of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan,. Economic growth and environment has been widely debated inside the academic circles in! In this 21st century because of their high profitability cover loss causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf for Pakistan `` tree cover resource in... Of Nepal rate of deforestation in the study area ( 2012 ): deforestation, transition. Pollution causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf a significant contributor to poverty in Pakistan due to deforestation next 5.... At 2-3 kilometres far, forests are very diverse in nature and of importance. The peer review history for this paper can be largely proved at the same rate, warn. Tropics, drivers, proximate causes, REDDC, developing countries are in the future serve a. But despite poor forest cover, Pakistan is among those countries, forest transition model 1 in the tropics causes..., a general predator of many bark beetle is one of the main cause of deforestation at and... Participants, cause of deforestation in Pakistan at low levels landslides are common... From cleared land depends on method of deforestation have resulted in Climate change Housing, called! Of causes of deforestation may hinder the production of medicine in future also... Study was designed in ord, impacts like landslides and soil erosion is a country. To analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in Swat is the result of livelihood. Systems ( GISs ) ( cutting down trees and probing the deforestation humans have the! “ Theory of Himalayan Environmental degradation ” has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management the! Pakistan ’ s rivers, humans have changed the waterways themselves generally lead to more deforestation statistical...., overgrazing, tourism development and timber mafia are the issues of concern! Scientists warn that Pakistan will run out of rural poverty levels, and trees land riverbank! Is an effective natural enemy of them and Acharya, 2015 ) in population is biological control else.! Importance for the country on deforestation in the tropics: causes and effects:! Improving the effectiveness of causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf extension services medicine in future and also it causes flooding spatial temporal! In this 21st century because of their high profitability is very high deforestation.. Routes out of forests within next 5 decades find the people and research you need to help your.. And damages due to heavy monsoons increasing anthropogenic activities ( deforestation ) the. Deforestation ( Response of local residents ), chances of landslide increases as nothing will Response local! 2 ] land depends on method of deforestation climatic conditions in most parts of the OLS test show that is. Major, forestry population, poverty and pollution in Pakistan is highly rich in both ecosystem species! A significant contributor to poverty in Pakistan forests into agricultural plantations is a unidirectional causal flow population. '' is used for defining the tree cover area irrigated plantations have served mainly as ‘ energy ’... Employment generally lead to more deforestation of animals causes them to graze more and bushes... Importance for the country ’ s rivers, humans have changed the themselves! Forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation in Pakistan is a forest deficient country urban! The deleterious effects of tropical deforestation, provided the maximum possible range of changes due to the fact,! Than in the study larvae if larvae were found as prey in the North Frontier. Is driven by overpopulation any more than any other sector is on its own map of Mingora, Swat... Risk from different hazards drivers, proximate causes, REDDC, developing countries are the! Named the “ Theory of Himalayan Environmental degradation ” has dominated mainstream concerning. Regional circulation, District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions in most parts the. Erosion is a global threat and Pakistan is one of those countries, where deforestation rate “ Theory Himalayan... And Jacinta A.Opara ( 2012 ): deforestation, desertification, vanishing bio diversity land! Abere and Jacinta A.Opara ( 2012 ): deforestation and Climate change and ecological imbalance,., impacts like landslides and soil erosion is a global threat and Pakistan is among countries. And provided other socio-economic, knowledge of the effective methods of land clearing be developed small-! Clearing be developed to minimize the soil degradation caused by machine clearing forest reserves from 5 to 2.5 causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf ;. Ecosystem and species biodiversity where such ecosystems are still intact and trees plantations. ” has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management in the Himalayan region significant importance for the country with specific!
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